
Antioxidants for Dogs – A Comprehensive Guide
Table of Contents
- Introduction to Antioxidants for Dogs
- Understanding Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress
- Assessing Antioxidant Values
- Health Benefits of Antioxidants
- 4.1 Areas of Dog Health Antioxidants Benefit
- 4.1.1 Cancer
- 4.1.2 Liver Health
- 4.1.3 Eye Health
- 4.1.4 Dementia
- 4.1.5 Old Dogs
- 4.1.6 Skin and Coat Health
- 4.1 Areas of Dog Health Antioxidants Benefit
- Dietary Choices
Antioxidants are a vital component of nutrition for every living organism, including our beloved canine companions. They play a key role in maintaining overall health, especially in disease prevention and mitigation. Understanding how antioxidants work and how to incorporate them into your dog’s diet can significantly impact their quality of life. This comprehensive guide aims to shed light on antioxidants for dogs, their role in dog nutrition, health benefits, and the best antioxidants for various health conditions.
What are Antioxidants?
Antioxidants are molecules that help protect the body from free radicals, unstable atoms that can cause damage to cells and contribute to aging and diseases. When an atom or group of atoms has an unpaired electron, it becomes unstable or reactive, becoming a free radical. These free radicals can cause a chain reaction in the body, leading to cellular damage or oxidative stress.
Antioxidants neutralize these free radicals by donating an electron, which stabilizes the free radical and prevents it from causing further damage. They are crucial for maintaining optimal health and preventing a variety of diseases.
Antioxidants’ Role in Dog Nutrition
Much like in humans, antioxidants are essential in dog nutrition. They support your dog’s immune system naturally, help maintain a healthy coat and skin, and aid in vision and heart health. By reducing oxidative stress, antioxidants can help to slow down the aging process and improve overall health in dogs.
They are naturally present in many types of food, including fruits and vegetables, and certain types of herbs, spices and adaptogens.
Vegan Antioxidant Dog Food: Boosting Health and Longevity
As caring pet families, we strive to provide our dogs with the best care possible to ensure their health and longevity. Just like humans, dogs can experience oxidative stress, a condition caused by an imbalance between pro-oxidant (free radicals) and antioxidant molecules. This imbalance can lead to various health issues, including chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Fortunately, there is a natural way to combat oxidative stress and support your dog’s well-being: incorporating the right antioxidants into their diet. The most effective, and least expensive, way to achieve this is feeding dogs an antioxidant vegan dog food.
Understanding Free Radicals and Their Impact on Dogs’ Health
Free radicals are highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules that can cause damage to cell membranes, enzymes, and even DNA. Dogs’ nervous and immune systems are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of free radicals.
Research has shown that an excess of free radicals may contribute to premature aging and the development of various diseases in dogs, just as in humans. Hence, it’s crucial to provide our pets with sufficient antioxidants to neutralise these harmful molecules and protect their bodies from potential damage.
What is Oxidative Stress and Its Impact on Dogs?
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between pro-oxidant molecules, commonly known as free radicals, and antioxidant molecules in the body. This phenomenon can arise during physiological situations such as growth and intense physical activity. Although oxidative stress is involved in aging, it is also linked to the development of various diseases like obesity, kidney diseases, central nervous system disorders, and more (1).
In dogs, just as in humans, free radicals can cause damage to cell membranes, enzymes, and even DNA, with the nervous and immune systems being particularly vulnerable. Studies suggest that the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), or free radicals, may lead to premature aging and the development of chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration (2).
The Role of Antioxidants in Combating Free Radicals
Antioxidants are the superheroes that neutralise the harmful effects of free radicals in the body. They are nutrients found in food that protect the body from damage caused by these reactive oxygen-containing molecules. For dogs, common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, which are abundantly found in colourful fruits and vegetables. There are however a significant number of other antioxidants that provide unique antioxidative support. By providing the right combination of antioxidants in their diet, we can significantly improve our pets’ health and well-being (3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Understanding ORAC Value and Its Importance
The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) unit is a methodology employed to gauge the antioxidant capacity of varied foods. Although the precise correlation between ORAC values and health benefits is not entirely established, it is generally accepted that foods with elevated ORAC scores possess greater antioxidant capacity and are more effective at neutralising harmful free radicals.
For dogs, the typical diet should comprise approximately 800 – 2,000 ORAC units per day, contingent on their weight. Scientists advocate the consumption of a broad variety of whole plant foods to achieve a comprehensive spectrum of macronutrients, micronutrients, and phytonutrients for optimal health.
Antioxidant Ingredients ORAC Values: Their Impact for Dog Health
Chickpeas: ORAC Value 847
Chickpeas are rich in antioxidants such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin. These powerful phytonutrients work synergistically to protect against inflammation and oxidative stress, contributing to better overall health. (1)
Peas: ORAC Value 741
Green peas offer a wide range of potent antioxidants, including coumestrol, which may lower the risk of stomach cancer. They also contain saponins, promoting heart health and inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. Additionally, phenolic acids and flavanols found in peas provide additional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support. (1, 2, 3, 4)
Fava Beans: ORAC Value 1090
Fava beans boast a high antioxidant activity due to their content of l-DOPA and various kaempferol glycosides. These antioxidants help maintain health and protect against oxidative damage. (1, 2)
Oats: ORAC Value 1708
Oats are rich in antioxidants such as vitamin E (tocols), phytic acid, phenolic compounds, and avenanthramides. These compounds exhibit strong antioxidant activity, combating free radicals and supporting overall health. They are also contain beta-glucans which provide important support for a healthy immune system. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Quinoa: ORAC Value 3200
Quinoa stands out as a gluten-free grain with abundant antioxidants, including phenolic compounds like ferulic acid and quercetin, as well as antioxidant carotenoids. These antioxidants contribute to various health benefits, making quinoa a valuable addition to the diet. (1, 2, 3, 4)
Potatoes: ORAC Value 1058
Potatoes contain a complex mix of antioxidants, including vitamin C, potassium, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids. These antioxidants play a crucial role in neutralising free radicals and promoting overall health. (1, 2, 3, 4)
Sweet Potatoes: ORAC Value 2115
Sweet potatoes are an excellent source of antioxidant vitamins, including vitamin A (orange-flesh types), vitamin C, and vitamin E. They also contain polyphenols like phenolic acids, which provide significant antioxidative functions, protecting against oxidative stress and promoting better health. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Nutritional Yeast
Nutritional yeast is a powerhouse of antioxidants, including glutathione and selenomethionine. These antioxidants protect the body from chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress, making nutritional yeast a valuable addition to your dog’s diet. (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
Rapeseed Oil: ORAC Value 460
Rapeseed oil is a rich source of vitamin E, a potent antioxidant known to reduce free radical damage and slow down cellular aging, contributing to better overall health. (1, 2, 3, 4)
Seaweed (Algae) and Seaweed (Algal) Extract: ORAC Value 1545
Seaweed is packed with antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, and E, carotenoids, and flavonoids, with fucoxanthin being the most prominent antioxidant. These antioxidants provide numerous health benefits and support the immune system. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Carrots: ORAC Value 697
Carrots contain antioxidant nutrients, including traditional antioxidants like vitamin C and phytonutrient antioxidants like beta-carotene. These antioxidants help neutralise free radicals and reduce the risk of oxidative damage to cells. (1, 2)
Pineapple: ORAC Value 697
Pineapple offers a decent level of vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant that supports various bodily functions, including immune function and iron absorption. (1, 2)
Pumpkin: ORAC Value 483
Pumpkins are rich in antioxidants such as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. These antioxidants neutralise free radicals and protect cells from damage, providing various health benefits. (4, 5, 6, 7)
Papaya: ORAC Value 300
Papaya’s antioxidants, including lycopene, combat oxidative stress and reduce the risk of several diseases. The high lycopene content contributes to its positive effects on health. (4, 5, 12, 13)
Spinach: ORAC Value 1513
Spinach contains numerous antioxidant plant compounds, such as lutein, kaempferol, nitrates, and quercetin, which promote improved eye health and heart health, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and possess anti-inflammatory properties. (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)
Kale: ORAC Value 1773
Kale is packed with powerful antioxidants like quercetin and kaempferol, which offer a wide range of health benefits, including heart protection, anti-inflammatory effects, and anticancer properties. It is also a rich source of vitamin C, an essential antioxidant in collagen synthesis and immune support. (6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23)
Olive Oil Extract: ORAC Value 372
Olive oil is rich in antioxidants like vitamin E, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. These antioxidants reduce the risk of chronic diseases by combating free radicals and preventing oxidative damage to cells. (6, 7, 8, 9)
Baobab: ORAC Value 140,000
Baobab is a superfood with exceptional antioxidant content, including twice the antioxidants of goji berries and more than blueberries and pomegranates combined. Its antioxidants, such as vitamin C and polyphenols, protect against inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging-related diseases. (11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16)
Turmeric: ORAC Value 127,068
Turmeric contains curcumin, a potent antioxidant that neutralises free radicals and boosts antioxidant enzymes. Its powerful antioxidant properties contribute to various health benefits, including anti-cancer and anti-aging effects. (1, 2, 3, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19)
Cranberry: ORAC Value 9090
Cranberries are rich in flavonol polyphenols and other antioxidants, such as quercetin and ursolic acid, which provide numerous health benefits, including protection against urinary tract infections and anti-inflammatory effects. (3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
Oregano: ORAC Value 175,295
Oregano is an outstanding herb with high antioxidant content, including rosmarinic acid and thymol. These antioxidants support a healthy immune system, reduce chronic diseases caused by oxidative damage, and help maintain overall health. (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11)
Basil: ORAC Value 61,063
Basil is a natural source of antioxidants, including vitamin A, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. It also contains high levels of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, providing significant antioxidant capacity and numerous health benefits. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Parsley: ORAC Value 73,670
Parsley contains valuable antioxidants, including flavonoids like luteolin and apigenin, which help prevent oxidative damage and boost the antioxidant capacity of the blood. Its carnosol content also contributes to its powerful antioxidant properties. (1, 2, 3)
Sage: ORAC Value 119,929
Sage is a herb with over 160 distinct polyphenols, providing numerous health benefits, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting effects. The antioxidants in sage, such as rosmarinic acid and carvacrol, contribute to its potent health-promoting properties. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Chamomile: ORAC Value 218,600
Chamomile is an ancient medicinal herb rich in antioxidants like apigenin, luteolin, patuletin, and quercetin. These compounds combat oxidative stress, support the immune system, and offer various health benefits. (1, 2, 3, 4)
Ginger: ORAC Value 39,041
Ginger is a powerful antioxidant-rich superfood with gingerols, shogaol, and paradols as its functional ingredients. These antioxidants exhibit anti-cancer and free radical scavenging properties, promoting overall health and well-being. (1, 2, 3, 4)
Yucca Extract
Yucca extract is a rich source of polyphenolics, including resveratrol and unique stilbenes called yuccaols. These potent antioxidants provide health benefits by reducing oxidative stress and protecting against degeneration in various organs. (1, 2, 3)
Reishi Mushroom: ORAC Value 9,244
Reishi mushroom, also known as Lingzhi, is a powerful antioxidant with over 400 bioactive compounds, including triterpenoids and polysaccharides. Its antioxidants provide numerous health benefits, including anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting effects. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18)
Siberian Ginseng (Eleuthero):
Eleuthero, also known as Siberian ginseng, contains active compounds called eleutherosides, which have potent antioxidant effects. These antioxidants help reduce free radical activity and have shown promise in inhibiting malignant tumours, making Eleuthero a potential anticancer agent. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Echinacea Purpurea Root: ORAC VALUE 124,865
Echinacea, or purple coneflower, is a popular herb with a variety of active compounds, including caffeic acid, cichoric acid, alkamides, and phenolic acids. These antioxidants defend against oxidative stress, contributing to overall health and well-being. (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)
MSM is a sulphur-containing compound found naturally in plants, animals, and humans, widely used in alternative medicine to relieve joint pain, reduce inflammation, and boost immunity. MSM suppresses free radical activity, reducing damage caused by oxidative stress. (19, 20, 21, 22 ,28, 29, 30)
Rosemary: ORAC Value 165,280
Rosemary is an herb with an exceptional antioxidant profile, including abietane-type phenolic diterpenes, carnosol, carnosic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid. These antioxidants offer various health benefits, including heart protection, anti-inflammatory effects, and radical-scavenging properties. (24, 25, 26, 27, 46)
Areas of Dog Health Antioxidants Benefit
Best Antioxidants for Dogs with Cancer
Dogs diagnosed with cancer can benefit from specific antioxidants that help combat oxidative stress and support the body’s natural defence mechanisms against cancerous cells. Some of the best antioxidants for dogs with cancer, and the benefits, include (31, 32, 33):
- Ashwagandha: This adaptogenic herb may help reduce inflammation and boost immune function, supporting the body’s fight against cancer. (34)
- Turmeric: Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may aid in cancer management. (35, 36)
- Reishi: This medicinal mushroom is rich in polysaccharides and antioxidants, potentially supporting the immune system during cancer treatment. (37)
Other sources of antioxidants for dogs suffering cancer include (43):
- Pumpkin: A great source of beta-carotene and vitamin A, which act as antioxidants, helping to neutralise free radicals.
- Sweet Potato: Rich in nutrients: vitamins B6, C, and D, minerals like iron, magnesium, potassium, folate, copper, and thiamine. Sweet potatoes are a great source of beta-carotene, which has been shown to lower the risk of certain cancers (44)
- Carrots: Carrots, like sweet potato, are a rich source of vitamins and minerals. They are also an excellent source of antioxidant carotenoids including α‐Carotene and β‐Carotene (43)
- Kale and Spinach: These are excellent sources of minerals like iron as well as having significant levels of antioxidant phytonutrients including Lutein and Zeaxanthin, β‐Carotene and flavanols (43)
- Algal (seaweed) Oil and Salmon Oil: Great sources of omega-3 fatty acids, and particularly DHA, EPA and lesser known DPA , known to limit inflammation and potentially help to slow the growth of cancerous tumours. (45, 46, 47)
- Blueberries, Blackberries and Cranberries: These berries all contain powerful antioxidants including anthocyanidins, flavanols and stilbenes (43)
- Broccoli: Broccoli is full of fibre, calcium, potassium, protein, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin D, which contribute to anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-allergy properties. Broccoli also contains multiple bioactive nutrients that have been shown to support the immune system as well as fight against cancer
- Turmeric: Contains curcumin, which can work as a cancer preventative as well as treatment. Curcumin interferes with cancer development. (48, 49, 50) Combining turmeric, black pepper and coconut oil helps increase the body’s absorption of the powerful antioxidants found in curcumin. (51)
- Coconut Oil: In addition to assisting with the absorption of nutrients, as outlined above, coconut oil has been shown to reduce certain cancer risks. (52, 53)
Best Antioxidants for Dogs’ Liver
The liver is a vital organ responsible for detoxification and metabolising nutrients. Antioxidants that promote liver health can be beneficial for dogs, especially those with liver conditions. Some effective antioxidants for dogs’ liver health include:
- Milk Thistle: This herb contains silymarin, a potent antioxidant that can help protect and regenerate liver cells.
- Artichoke: Rich in antioxidants and polyphenols, artichoke supports liver function and promotes bile production.
- Dandelion: Dandelion root acts as a natural detoxifier, supporting liver health and function.
- Ginseng: Contains active compounds called eleutherosides, which have potent antioxidant effects.
- Turmeric: Turmeric contains curcumin, a potent antioxidant that neutralises free radicals and boosts antioxidant enzymes. Its powerful antioxidant properties contribute to various health benefits
- Green Tea: Tts main polyphenol compound epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is often included in literature reviews focusing on herbal remedies for liver conditions
- Ginger: Ginger is a powerful, antioxidant-rich superfood with gingerols, shogaol, and paradols as its primary functional ingredients.
Best Antioxidants for Dogs’ Eyes
Maintaining healthy vision is essential for a dog’s overall well-being. Antioxidants that support eye health can be beneficial in preventing age-related eye conditions. Some of the best antioxidants for dogs’ eyes include:
- Bilberry: Rich in anthocyanins, bilberry may enhance visual acuity and protect the retina from oxidative damage.
- Lutein and Zeaxanthin: These carotenoids are found in leafy greens like kale, spinach and collard greens and help protect the eyes from harmful UV rays and oxidative stress. (38)
- Carrots and Sweet Potato: Both high in beta-carotene, a form of vitamin A that helps with night vision, a dog’s eyes’ ability to adjust to darkness. (39)
- Spinach and Kale: Contain two carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) which lower risk of the advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (40)
Best Antioxidants for Dogs with Dementia
As dogs age, they may experience cognitive decline, similar to Alzheimer’s disease in humans. Antioxidants that support brain health can aid in delaying cognitive decline and improving mental function. Some effective antioxidants for dogs with dementia include:
- Blueberries and Cranberries: Packed with antioxidants and flavonoids, cranberries and blueberries can help improve cognitive function and memory. (41)
- Coconut Oil: Medium-chain triglycerides in coconut oil have been shown to benefit brain health and cognitive function in dogs. (42)
Best Antioxidants for Old Dogs
Senior dogs can benefit from a combination of antioxidants to address various age-related health concerns. Antioxidants principal benefit is supporting a reduction or slowing of oxidative damage and stress in older dogs. Below is a list of appropriate antioxidants and their mechanisms of functionality for each of the health areas mentioned above:
- Ashwagandha and Turmeric: Joint health and anti-inflammatory support.
- Reishi and Turmeric: Immune system support and cancer management.
- Milk Thistle, Ginger, Turmeric, Green Tea, Liquorice and Artichoke: Liver health and detoxification.
- Peppers, Kale, Spinach, Bilberry, Carrots and Lutein: Eye health and protection from oxidative stress.
- Blueberries, Cranberries and Coconut Oil: Cognitive function and brain health.
Benefits of Antioxidants for Dog’s Skin and Coat:
As a dog’s largest organ, skin (and coat) are excellent indicators of their overall health and wellbeing – skin and coat issues generally point to internal health concerns while good skin condition and a glossy, lustrous coat indicates a dog in good health. By supporting a reduction in oxidative damage and improving a dog’s immune system naturally, antioxidants contribute to healthier skin and coats in dogs.
The list below includes antioxidants known to benefit dog skin and coat health:
- Turmeric: The Swiss army knife of antioxidants, turmeric helps to maintain canine skin barrier (43)
- Flaxseed, Rapeseed and Sunflower Seed Oils: Research studies identify that these 3 oils, as well as Sesame seed oil contain excellent antioxidant levels as well as PUFA’s, Omega 6 and Omega 3 which contribute to dog skin and coat health (44, 45)
- Seaweed, Algal Oils and Fatty Fish: The antioxidant rich Omega 3 fatty acids, DHA and EPA, found in these foods have been shown to have a significant impact on skin and coat condition, including for dogs with Atopic Dermatitis, in clinical studies (46, 47)
- Vitamin E: As a strong antioxidant, Vitamin E is known to reduce oxidative damage from the environment such as the UV rays that generate free radicals helping to protect dogs skin from UV damage. (48, 49) It is also very beneficial for dogs with Atopic Dermatitis (AD). (50)
- Echinacea: Well known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, Echinacea showed benefits for dog skin and coat health (51)
Antioxidants for Dogs – Food or Supplements?
Variety of Antioxidant Components: Vegan dog food abundant in antioxidants is designed to incorporate an extensive range of fruits, vegetables, legumes, grains, herbs, spices, and adaptogens. These wholesome food items are brimming with a diverse collection of antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C, and E, flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols, each playing a distinct role in neutralising free radicals and bolstering overall health. Delivering a broad array of antioxidants through whole foods ensures dogs benefit from a holistic range of these vital nutrients.
Regulating the Right Antioxidant Intake Daily: The challenge lies in determining the appropriate daily dosage of antioxidants via supplements. Dogs’ antioxidant requirements vary based on factors such as size, age, and health status. Insufficient supplementation might not deliver the anticipated health benefits, while over-supplementation can create imbalances or potentially result in toxicity. Conversely, vegan dog foods rich in antioxidants are formulated to offer the correct levels of antioxidants to meet a dog’s daily needs, mitigating the risk of insufficient or excessive supplementation.
Cost Advantages: Antioxidant supplements can be costly, particularly if various supplements are needed to cover a full spectrum of antioxidants. The price could escalate further if dogs with specific health conditions necessitate high-quality supplements. Comparatively, choosing an antioxidant-rich vegan dog food emerges as a cost-effective alternative. These foods are designed to provide a balanced blend of antioxidants and other essential nutrients, furnishing an economical route to promoting a dog’s overall health.
Promotion of Digestive Health and Nutrient Absorption: The high fibre content in whole foods included in vegan dog diets enhances digestive health. Efficient digestion is key for optimal nutrient absorption, ensuring dogs assimilate and utilise antioxidants effectively. Some dogs might struggle with digesting or absorbing supplements, curtailing the benefits of the antioxidants provided.
Availability of Natural and Bioavailable Nutrients: Whole foods offer antioxidants in their natural and bioavailable forms. Dogs’ bodies can easily recognise and absorb these nutrients, maximising their benefits. In contrast, supplements may contain synthetic or isolated forms of antioxidants, which may not be as effectively absorbed or potent as those naturally occurring in whole foods.
Appetising Taste and Texture: Vegan dog food, specifically formulated to be rich in antioxidants, can be more enticing to dogs due to its appealing flavours and textures. In contrast, some dogs might reject antioxidant supplements, posing a challenge for pet owners to ensure their pets get the appropriate dosage.
Risks of Over-Supplementation: Overdosing on certain antioxidants, such as vitamins A or D, can pose a risk to dogs and potentially result in toxicity. With antioxidant-rich vegan dog foods, the chances of supplying excessive amounts of specific antioxidants are reduced, as they are formulated to maintain balanced proportions.
Support for Long-Term Health: Furnishing antioxidants through a well-balanced vegan diet aids in promoting a dog’s overall health and longevity. Antioxidants are critical in minimising oxidative stress, fortifying the immune system, encouraging healthy skin and coat, and averting chronic diseases. A regular and varied intake of antioxidants through daily meals contributes positively to a dog’s overall wellness.
Incorporating antioxidants into your dog’s diet is a proactive and essential step toward maintaining their overall health and vitality. By embracing a diverse array of antioxidant-rich foods, supplements, herbs, and adaptogens, you can enhance your furry friend’s immune system, heart health, joint function, skin and coat, and overall well-being. Additionally, targeting specific health conditions, such as cancer, liver issues, eyesight problems, and dementia, with specialised antioxidants ensures a tailored approach to your dog’s health.
Bonza antioxidant vegan dog food, a 100% plant-based dog food, contains an incredibly broad selection of powerful antioxidant ingredients designed to support your dog against specific and age-related health issues long into their senior years.
Elevate Your Dog’s Food Beyond Simple Nutrition
