· by Glendon Lloyd Dip.Canine.Nutrition Dip.Dog.Nutrigenomics
Nutritional Therapy for Diabetic Dogs
Summary
Diabetes in dogs is a complex and multifaceted condition that requires a comprehensive approach for effective management. This detailed guide delves into all aspects of canine diabetes, including the different types, causes, diagnosis, and symptoms. It provides a thorough exploration of the role of nutrition, focusing on the importance of complex carbohydrates, high-fibre foods, and lean proteins, as well as the benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. The article also covers a wide range of beneficial herbs and adaptogens, alongside a critical discussion on foods to avoid. Additionally, the inclusion of herbs such as Rosemary, Basil, and Black seeds (Nigella Sativa), among others, adds to the natural treatment options available. This in-depth analysis is designed to equip dog owners and veterinarians with the knowledge necessary to manage diabetes in dogs effectively, enhancing their quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in dogs, characterised by an absolute deficiency of insulin due to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, the body cannot effectively regulate blood glucose levels, leading to chronic hyperglycaemia and its associated complications.
Pathophysiology: In Type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys the pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin. Insulin is crucial for facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, where it is used for energy. The lack of insulin causes glucose to accumulate in the bloodstream, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. This condition requires lifelong insulin therapy to replace the missing hormone and manage blood glucose levels effectively.
Risk Factors: While the exact cause of this autoimmune response is not fully understood, genetic predisposition plays a significant role. Certain breeds, such as Poodles, Miniature Schnauzers, and Dachshunds, are more prone to developing Type 1 diabetes. Other factors, including chronic pancreatitis and exposure to certain viral infections, may also trigger the autoimmune process.
Type 2 diabetes, although rare in dogs, is characterised by insulin resistance, where the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin. In this form of diabetes, the pancreas may still produce insulin, but it is not sufficient to overcome the resistance, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
Pathophysiology: In Type 2 diabetes, the body’s cells develop a resistance to the effects of insulin, meaning that glucose is not efficiently taken up by the cells, resulting in high blood sugar levels. Over time, the pancreas may attempt to compensate by producing more insulin, but this can lead to beta cell exhaustion and a subsequent decline in insulin production.
Risk Factors: Obesity is the primary risk factor for Type 2 diabetes in dogs, as excess body fat contributes to insulin resistance. Other contributing factors include a sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and certain endocrine disorders such as Cushing’s disease. While Type 2 diabetes is more common in humans and cats, it can occur in dogs, particularly in those with significant weight issues.
How Is Diabetes Diagnosed?
Clinical Signs: The initial signs of diabetes in dogs often include increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and unexplained weight loss, despite an increased appetite. These symptoms are due to the body’s inability to properly utilise glucose for energy, leading to excessive glucose in the blood and urine, and the breakdown of fat and muscle for energy.
Blood Glucose Levels: The most definitive method for diagnosing diabetes in dogs is through the measurement of blood glucose levels. A fasting blood glucose level consistently above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) is typically indicative of diabetes. In addition, glucose curves, which involve monitoring blood glucose levels over a period of time after meals, can help assess how well the dog’s body is managing glucose.
Urine Analysis: A urine test is used to detect the presence of glucose in the urine (glucosuria). Normally, glucose is reabsorbed by the kidneys and does not appear in the urine. However, in diabetic dogs, the high levels of glucose in the blood spill over into the urine. The presence of glucose in the urine is a strong indicator of diabetes.
Fructosamine Test: The fructosamine test measures the average blood glucose levels over the previous two to three weeks by assessing the amount of glucose that has bound to proteins in the blood. This test is particularly useful for confirming a diagnosis of diabetes and monitoring long-term glucose control in dogs already undergoing treatment.
Causes of Diabetes in Dogs
Genetics: Genetics play a significant role in the development of diabetes in dogs. Certain breeds are more prone to the condition, suggesting a hereditary predisposition. Breeds such as Poodles, Miniature Schnauzers, Beagles, and Dachshunds have a higher incidence of diabetes, indicating a genetic link. Research suggests that the genetic factors may involve multiple genes that influence both the immune response and the function of pancreatic beta cells.
Autoimmune Destruction of Pancreatic Cells: In Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune response leads to the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas, which are responsible for producing insulin. This process is irreversible and leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin, which is why Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes. The exact cause of this autoimmune reaction is unknown, but it is believed to be influenced by genetic factors, environmental triggers, and possibly viral infections.
Obesity: Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of diabetes, particularly Type 2 diabetes, in dogs. Excess body fat, especially visceral fat, leads to insulin resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This resistance causes the pancreas to produce more insulin to compensate, which can eventually lead to beta cell exhaustion and a decline in insulin production. Overweight dogs are also more likely to develop other health problems, such as joint issues and cardiovascular diseases, which can complicate the management of diabetes.
Chronic Pancreatitis: Chronic pancreatitis, or long-term inflammation of the pancreas, can lead to the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells, resulting in diabetes. This condition is more common in certain breeds, such as Miniature Schnauzers, and can be triggered by factors such as dietary indiscretion, hyperlipidaemia, and certain medications. Dogs with a history of pancreatitis are at an increased risk of developing diabetes, especially if the pancreatitis has caused significant damage to the pancreas.
Hormonal Disorders: Hormonal imbalances can also contribute to the development of diabetes in dogs. Conditions such as Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism), which is characterised by excessive production of cortisol, can interfere with insulin function and lead to insulin resistance. Hypothyroidism, or low thyroid hormone levels, can also affect glucose metabolism and increase the risk of diabetes.
Medications: Long-term use of certain medications, particularly corticosteroids, can induce diabetes by increasing blood glucose levels and promoting insulin resistance. These medications are often prescribed for conditions such as allergies, autoimmune diseases, and inflammation, but their side effects can include significant metabolic changes that predispose dogs to diabetes.
Age: Age is a significant factor in the development of diabetes, with older dogs being more susceptible. As dogs age, their metabolism slows, and they may become less active, leading to weight gain and insulin resistance. Additionally, the risk of developing other health issues that can contribute to diabetes, such as chronic pancreatitis and hormonal imbalances, increases with age.
Symptoms of Diabetes in Dogs
Increased Thirst (Polydipsia) and Urination (Polyuria): One of the earliest and most common signs of diabetes in dogs is increased thirst and urination. As blood glucose levels rise, the kidneys attempt to filter out the excess glucose, which draws more water into the urine and leads to increased urination (polyuria). To compensate for this loss of fluids, diabetic dogs often drink more water (polydipsia). These symptoms are typically among the first that owners notice and are key indicators that prompt further investigation for diabetes.
Weight Loss: Despite an increased appetite (polyphagia), diabetic dogs often experience weight loss. This occurs because the body is unable to use glucose for energy, as insulin is either absent (Type 1) or insufficient/ineffective (Type 2). Instead, the body starts breaking down fat and muscle tissue for energy, leading to weight loss even though the dog may be eating more than usual.
Increased Appetite (Polyphagia): In response to the lack of glucose entering cells, the body signals hunger in an attempt to gain more energy. This results in an increased appetite, but despite eating more, the dog continues to lose weight because the glucose cannot be properly utilised.
Lethargy: As the body is unable to convert glucose into energy efficiently, diabetic dogs often become lethargic and less active. The lack of available energy within the cells can lead to general weakness and fatigue, making the dog less interested in physical activity or play.
Cloudy Eyes (Cataracts): Cataracts are a common complication of diabetes in dogs, resulting from high glucose levels in the blood. When glucose accumulates in the lens of the eye, it leads to the formation of sorbitol, which causes water to be drawn into the lens. This results in cloudiness and eventually leads to cataract formation, impairing the dog’s vision.
Recurrent Infections: Diabetic dogs are more susceptible to infections, particularly urinary tract infections (UTIs). The presence of glucose in the urine creates an ideal environment for bacteria to grow, leading to recurrent UTIs. Other infections, such as skin and ear infections, may also occur more frequently in diabetic dogs due to a compromised immune system.
Sweet-Smelling Breath: A sweet or fruity odour on the breath is often a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication of diabetes. DKA occurs when the body starts breaking down fats at an accelerated rate to compensate for the lack of glucose, leading to the production of ketones, which can build up to dangerous levels in the blood. This condition requires immediate veterinary attention.
Treatments for Diabetes in Dogs
Pharmacological Treatments
Insulin Therapy: Insulin therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for dogs with Type 1 diabetes and many cases of Type 2 diabetes. Insulin injections are administered to replace the insulin that the dog’s body is no longer producing or to supplement insufficient insulin production. The type of insulin, dosage, and frequency of injections are tailored to each dog based on their individual needs, blood glucose levels, and response to treatment.
Types of Insulin: There are various types of insulin used in veterinary medicine, including:
Regular Insulin: A short-acting insulin used primarily in emergency situations like diabetic ketoacidosis.
Intermediate-Acting Insulin (NPH, Lente): Commonly used for routine management, with effects lasting around 12 hours.
Long-Acting Insulin (Glargine, Detemir): Provides a more prolonged effect, often used in managing chronic diabetes.
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents: Oral hypoglycaemic agents are less commonly used in dogs than in humans, but they may be considered in cases of Type 2 diabetes. These medications work by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin or by improving the body’s response to insulin. However, their effectiveness in dogs is generally limited compared to insulin therapy, and they are not typically used as a first-line treatment.
Nutritional Therapy
Dietary Management: A carefully controlled diet is essential for managing diabetes in dogs. The primary goals of dietary management are to maintain stable blood glucose levels, prevent postprandial (after eating) spikes in glucose, and manage body weight.
High-Fibre Diets: Diets high in fibre, particularly insoluble fibre, are beneficial for diabetic dogs. Insoluble fibre slows the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, leading to more gradual increases in blood glucose levels. It also helps to increase satiety, which can be useful in managing weight, particularly in overweight dogs.
Sources of Insoluble Fibre: Green beans, sweet potato, oats, flaxseed, pumpkin, and brown rice are excellent sources of insoluble fibre that can be included in a diabetic dog’s diet.
Complex CarbohydratesComplex carbohydrates with a low glycaemic index (GI) are preferred in a diabetic dog’s diet. These carbohydrates break down more slowly than simple sugars, leading to a more controlled release of glucose into the bloodstream.
Examples of Complex Carbohydrates:Sweet potatoes, lentils, fava beans, oats, and barley are all low-GI foods that are suitable for diabetic dogs.
Protein: Protein is an important component of a diabetic dog’s diet, particularly because it provides essential amino acids that help maintain muscle mass, which can be lost due to the metabolic effects of diabetes. Lean protein sources are preferred to avoid excessive fat intake.
Examples of Lean Protein Sources: Plant-based foods are the best sources of lean protein and are also highly digestible. If you are feeding a meat-based diet, chicken, turkey, and fish (such as salmon and sardines) are all good choices. Fish also provides omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties and may improve insulin sensitivity.
PUFAs (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids): Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, play a vital role in managing diabetes. Omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation, improve insulin sensitivity, and support cardiovascular health. They are particularly beneficial for dogs with concurrent inflammatory conditions or those at risk of developing such conditions.
Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Seaweed, algae, algal oil extracts, fish oil supplements, flaxseed, and certain types of fish (e.g., salmon, sardines) are rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
Prebiotics:Prebiotics are non-digestible fibres that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. By improving gut health, prebiotics can indirectly enhance metabolic functions, including glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
Probiotics:Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria that help maintain a healthy gut microbiome. A balanced gut microbiome is essential for overall health and can play a role in managing diabetes by improving digestion and possibly influencing insulin sensitivity.
Common Probiotics: Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species are among the most commonly used probiotics in canine diets.
Postbiotics:Postbiotics are the metabolic by-products produced by probiotics during fermentation in the gut. These compounds can help modulate the immune response, improve gut barrier function, and contribute to overall metabolic health, making them a valuable addition to the diet of a diabetic dog.
Examples of Postbiotics: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate are common postbiotics that support gut health.
Cinnamon: Cinnamon is known for its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose levels. The active compound, cinnamaldehyde, has been shown to enhance the activity of insulin receptors on cells, allowing for better glucose uptake. However, cinnamon should be used cautiously and under veterinary supervision, as excessive amounts can be harmful.
Fenugreek: Fenugreek seeds are rich in soluble fibre and saponins, which have hypoglycaemic effects. Fenugreek can help reduce blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity by slowing the absorption of carbohydrates and reducing postprandial glucose spikes. Additionally, fenugreek may help lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which are often elevated in diabetic dogs.
Turmeric: Turmeric contains curcumin, a compound with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Curcumin has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce blood glucose levels. It also helps mitigate the inflammation that often accompanies diabetes, protecting against complications such as cardiovascular disease.
Gymnema Sylvestre: Gymnema Sylvestre is a herb traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat diabetes. It works by reducing the absorption of glucose in the intestines and stimulating the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells. Gymnema may also help suppress the desire for sweet foods, which can be beneficial for managing a diabetic dog’s diet.
Ginger: Ginger has demonstrated significant antidiabetic effects in animal studies. It can help increase insulin levels and decrease fasting glucose levels. Ginger’s active components, such as gingerols, have been shown to reduce hyperglycaemia and improve lipid profiles, making it a valuable addition to a diabetic dog’s treatment plan.
Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng): Asian Ginseng has hypoglycaemic properties attributed to its saponin and polysaccharide constituents. Ginsenosides, the active compounds in ginseng, promote insulin release and increase the number of insulin receptors, contributing to its antidiabetic effects. Ginseng also helps reduce glucocorticoid receptors, which may support better glucose regulation in diabetic dogs.
Cordyceps: Cordyceps, a medicinal mushroom, has shown potential in managing diabetes by reducing weight loss, polydipsia (excessive thirst), and hyperglycaemia in diabetic models. The fruiting body of Cordyceps has been particularly noted for its ability to improve basal insulin levels and support pancreatic function. It can be considered as part of a holistic approach to managing diabetes in dogs.
Aloe Vera: Aloe Vera has long been used in traditional medicine for its healing properties, including its effects on blood glucose levels. Studies have shown that Aloe Vera can help reduce fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels, making it a useful supplement for managing diabetes. It is typically administered in the form of juice or gel.
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus): Bilberry is known for its role in reducing blood glucose levels and preventing complications such as diabetic retinopathy and cataracts. The leaf of the bilberry plant has been shown to lower blood glucose, while the berry itself is beneficial for eye health, making it an excellent addition to a diabetic dog’s diet.
Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa): Rehmannia is a traditional Chinese herb known for its hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic effects. It helps regulate glucose metabolism by enhancing the neuroendocrine system and has shown promise in reducing blood glucose levels in hyperglycaemic and diabetic models.
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale): Dandelion is another herb with potential benefits for diabetic dogs. It has been shown to have insulin secretagogue activity, meaning it can stimulate the pancreas to secrete more insulin, helping to regulate blood glucose levels.
Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus): The leaf juice of Madagascar Periwinkle, in combination with fenugreek seed powder, has demonstrated a synergistic effect in lowering blood glucose levels. This combination may be particularly beneficial for diabetic dogs, providing enhanced hypoglycaemic effects.
Uva Ursi, Goldenseal, Mistletoe, and Tarragon Combination: A combination of these herbs has been found to significantly reduce the hyperphagia (excessive eating) and polydipsia associated with diabetes. Although they did not affect insulin or glucose concentrations directly, their ability to reduce these symptoms makes them useful in managing diabetes.
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis): Rosemary has been found to be beneficial in modulating blood glucose levels in diabetic dogs. Studies have shown that the dietary inclusion of rosemary at 0.05% can help in the prevention and control of diabetes mellitus. Its active compounds may contribute to its antidiabetic effects, making it a valuable herb to include in the diet of diabetic dogs.
Basil (Ocimum basilicum): Basil, known for its blood sugar-lowering properties, can be a useful addition to a diabetic dog’s diet. Research suggests that basil leaves, at a dietary inclusion of 0.05%, can help regulate blood glucose levels and support the nutritional management of diabetes in dogs. Basil is also recognised for its antioxidant properties, which can aid in reducing oxidative stress associated with diabetes.
Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa): Black seeds, also known as Nigella Sativa, have been extensively studied for their antidiabetic properties. The active compound, thymoquinone, has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Additionally, Nigella Sativa has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which can be beneficial in managing the complications associated with diabetes.
Other Beneficial Herbs
Several other herbs have shown promise in managing diabetes and its complications in dogs:
Urtica (Nettle): Known for its ability to lower blood glucose levels.
Allium sativum (Garlic): Known for its hypoglycaemic effects and cardiovascular benefits.
Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower): Improves glucose metabolism and reduces inflammation.
Ferula assa-foetida (Asafoetida): Known for its insulin-sensitising properties.
Bauhinia: Improves glucose tolerance and stimulates insulin secretion.
Swertia: Known for its role in reducing blood glucose levels.
Combretum: Exhibits hypoglycaemic activity.
Sarcopoterium: Useful in managing blood glucose levels.
Liriope: Has shown potential in improving insulin sensitivity.
Caesalpinia bonduc: Reduces blood glucose levels.
Coccinia grandis: Known for its role in glucose metabolism.
Azadirachta indica (Neem): Known for its hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects.
Caesalpinioideae: Known for their role in glucose metabolism.
Pachira aquatic: Exhibits hypoglycaemic effects.
Gongronema latifolium: Improves insulin sensitivity and lowers blood glucose levels.
Chrysanthemum morifolium: Known for its antioxidant and hypoglycaemic effects.
Zingiber zerumbet: Exhibits insulin-like effects.
Symphytum: Known for its role in lowering blood glucose levels.
Cactaceae (Cactus): Reduces blood glucose levels.
Symplocos: Known for its role in glucose metabolism.
Perilla frutescens: Exhibits hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Terminalia chebula: Reduces blood glucose levels.
Best Adaptogens for Dogs with Diabetes
Ashwagandha: Ashwagandha is an adaptogen that helps the body cope with stress, which can be particularly beneficial for diabetic dogs. Chronic stress can exacerbate diabetes by increasing cortisol levels, which interfere with insulin function. Ashwagandha helps reduce stress and may improve insulin sensitivity, making it a valuable addition to a diabetic dog’s treatment plan.
Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum): Holy Basil, also known as Tulsi, is another adaptogen with significant benefits for managing diabetes. It has been shown to lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Holy Basil also helps regulate cortisol, the stress hormone, which can contribute to better glucose control.
Rhodiola Rosea: Rhodiola Rosea is an adaptogen that enhances the body’s resilience to stress while also improving insulin sensitivity. It helps balance blood sugar levels by reducing stress-induced spikes in glucose, making it an excellent support for managing diabetes.
Foods to Avoid for Diabetic Dogs
High Glycaemic Index Foods: Foods with a high glycaemic index cause rapid spikes in blood glucose levels and should be avoided. These include:
White Bread: Made from refined flour, white bread is quickly digested and can cause a sharp increase in blood glucose.
White Rice: White rice has a high glycaemic index and should be avoided as it can cause rapid increases in blood glucose levels. Opt instead for whole grains like brown rice or barley, which have a lower glycaemic index and are digested more slowly, leading to more stable blood glucose levels.
Sugary Treats: Treats high in sugar should be strictly avoided in diabetic dogs. This includes commercially available dog treats that contain added sugars, honey, or other sweeteners, as these can cause dangerous spikes in blood glucose levels.
Processed Foods: Many commercial dog treats and foods are highly processed and contain unhealthy additives, such as high levels of salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats. These can negatively impact a diabetic dog’s health by exacerbating insulin resistance and contributing to obesity. It is important to read labels carefully and choose treats and foods that are specifically formulated for diabetic dogs or those that contain natural, whole ingredients.
Fatty Foods: High-fat foods, especially those containing unhealthy trans fats and saturated fats, can worsen insulin resistance and contribute to obesity, making it harder to control diabetes. Fatty meats like bacon, sausage, and fatty cuts of pork or beef should be avoided. Additionally, fried foods are particularly harmful as they add unnecessary calories and unhealthy fats that can contribute to weight gain and further complicate diabetes management.
Dairy Products: Full-fat dairy products, such as whole milk, cheese, and butter, are high in both fat and lactose, which can be problematic for diabetic dogs. The high fat content can contribute to obesity, while lactose, a sugar found in milk, can cause blood glucose levels to spike. Low-fat or lactose-free options should be considered, but even these should be given in moderation.
Grains and Starches: Grains such as corn and cornmeal, along with starchy vegetables like potatoes (especially when fried), are quickly converted into glucose and can cause rapid increases in blood sugar. These foods should be replaced with lower-glycaemic options like lentils, quinoa, and non-starchy vegetables.
Conclusion
Managing diabetes in dogs requires a multi-pronged approach that includes appropriate medical treatment, a well-balanced and carefully controlled diet, and the incorporation of beneficial herbs, adaptogens, and supplements. The dietary focus should be on low-glycaemic index complex carbohydrates, high-fibre foods, lean proteins, and healthy fats from sources like algal oil. Prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics can also play an essential role in supporting overall metabolic health and improving insulin sensitivity.
Avoiding high-glycaemic foods, processed foods, and those high in unhealthy fats and sugars is crucial for maintaining stable blood glucose levels and preventing complications. By following these guidelines and working closely with a veterinarian, dog owners can help manage their pet’s diabetes effectively, leading to a better quality of life and potentially extending their lifespan.
Always consult with a veterinarian before making any dietary changes or introducing new treatments to ensure they are safe and appropriate for your dog’s specific health needs.
About Glendon Lloyd Dip.Canine.Nutrition Dip.Dog.Nutrigenomics
I have had dogs from the day I was born. Much to my Mum's amusement, my Dad bought home Zetta, a beautiful corgi puppy on the day, as his contribution to our new family!
Fast forward to 2018 and Catherine, my wife, and one of our dogs Poppy, were both diagnosed and treated for cancer within months of each other
Diet and its impact on health, cancer particularly, led me down a rabbit hole of discovery.
I consumed information voraciously - on our diets, our dogs' diets and the impact these have not just on health but also the health of our increasingly fragile planet.
I was humbled by the time and expertise given so freely by doctors and vets, canine nutritionists and scientists, academics and agronomists. The more I learned the more I understood there had to be a better way to improve not just our health but also our dogs and the planet's.
The result of my trip down that rabbit hole is Bonza, a plant-based dog food that elevates our dogs' diet beyond simple nutrition to a diet that inspires a healthier everyday life for our dogs and the planet.
I am continually researching the nutritional impact our dogs' diets have on their health and wellbeing and the ingredients and nutrients we should include in, and exclude from, their food to deliver longer, healthier lives.
I am delighted that my trip down the rabbit hole has led to me completing a Diploma in Canine Nutrigenomics and a Diploma in Canine Nutrition being awarded a Distinction for both my coursework and theses!
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