The Best (and Worst) Oils for Your Dog’s Well-being
· by Glendon Lloyd Dip.Canine.Nutrition Dip.Dog.Nutrigenomics
A Guide To The Healthiest Oils for Your Dog (and those to Avoid)
When it comes to maintaining your dog’s health, understanding the role of dietary fats, and the healthiest oils, is crucial. Just like in humans, fats are essential for various bodily functions in dogs, including cell growth, organ protection, and nutrient absorption. However, not all fats are created equal, and the type of oil you include in your dog’s diet can have significant impacts on their overall health.
Here’s a breakdown of various oils, detailing their fat types, omega fatty acid content, vitamin and mineral composition, sustainability, and health benefits for dogs.
Unlike fish oil, algal oil provides omega-3s in a more sustainable way, as it doesn’t contribute to overfishing and has a lower environmental impact.
This oil is also beneficial for dogs with allergies or sensitivities to fish and fish-based products.
Algal oil is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, which can help in managing conditions like arthritis in dogs.
It’s a suitable addition to a dog’s diet, especially for enhancing brain function and maintaining a healthy coat.
Since algal oil is typically used as a supplement or better still, directly included, it doesn’t have cooking applications but can be easily mixed into your dog’s regular meals or given as a separate supplement.
By including algal oil in your dog’s diet, you’re opting for a sustainable and highly beneficial source of essential omega-3 fatty acids, which can have a significant impact on your dog’s overall health and well-being.
Rapeseed oil, commonly referred to as canola oil, is a popular oil that is low in saturated fats and high in monounsaturated fats, making it a heart-healthy choice for dogs.
It is rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are essential for a dog’s skin and coat health, as well as for reducing inflammation.
The oil contains alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, beneficial for cognitive and joint health in dogs.
Rapeseed oil has a high smoke point, which makes it versatile for various cooking methods if you’re preparing homemade meals for your dog.
It also contains vitamin E, an antioxidant that supports a dog’s immune system and overall health.
However, there are concerns about the use of hexane in the extraction process of some commercial canola oils, and some pet owners may prefer to seek out cold-pressed or non-hexane-extracted varieties for a more natural and potentially safer option.
By including rapeseed (canola) oil in your dog’s diet, you can provide them with a beneficial source of healthy fats and essential fatty acids, contributing to their overall well-being, especially in terms of heart health, skin and coat condition, and anti-inflammatory benefits.
It’s rich in vitamin E and K, which are essential for maintaining healthy skin, coat, and bone health.
Although olive oil has a lower smoke point, making it less suitable for high-heat cooking, it’s excellent when drizzled over your dog’s regular meals.
Extra virgin olive oil, in particular, retains more nutrients and is a healthier choice for dogs.
Avocado Oil for Dogs
Avocado oil is loaded with monounsaturated fats and is particularly beneficial for a dog’s heart health.
It contains a high level of vitamin E, which is great for a dog’s skin and coat health, and boosts the immune system.
Avocado oil also has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help dogs with joint pain or skin conditions.
Its high smoke point makes it versatile for various cooking methods if you prepare homemade dog food.
However, ensure that your dog doesn’t consume the avocado pit or skin, as these can be harmful.
Flaxseed Oil for Dogs
Flaxseed oil is an excellent plant-based source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, which is crucial for a dog’s cognitive function and joint health. (8)
It also helps in maintaining a healthy coat and skin in dogs.
Hemp seed oil, derived from the seeds of the hemp plant, is a beneficial supplement for dogs, offering a well-balanced source of essential fatty acids. It features an ideal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, closely adhering to the recommended 3:1 ratio, crucial for reducing inflammation and enhancing overall canine health. Hemp seed oil is also a rich source of the beneficial stearidonic acid (SDA), a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid with a range of health benefits.
Nutritional Composition: Rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-based omega-3, and linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid. It also contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) for additional anti-inflammatory benefits.
Skin and Coat Health: Improves skin health by strengthening cell membranes, reducing dryness and flakiness, and enhancing coat shine and health.
Joint Health: The anti-inflammatory properties of GLA help reduce joint pain and improve mobility in dogs with arthritis or other joint issues.
Cardiovascular and Immune Support: Omega-3 fatty acids help lower blood triglycerides and support heart health, while the balanced fatty acids boost immune function.
Neurological and Anxiety Support: Essential fatty acids support brain cell health and can aid in managing anxiety in dogs.
Salmon oil is highly regarded for its rich content of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), which are crucial for a dog’s cognitive function, joint health, and overall well-being.
It’s known for its benefits in improving coat health, reducing itchy and flaky skin, and boosting the immune system.
Salmon oil can also aid in reducing inflammation, which is beneficial for dogs suffering from arthritis or other inflammatory conditions.
This oil supports heart health and has been noted for its potential to aid in cognitive function, especially in aging dogs.
However, there are some risks associated with salmon oil that pet owners should be aware of:
Contaminants: Some sources of salmon oil may contain harmful contaminants like heavy metals or PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), which can be detrimental to a dog’s health. (2) It’s important to choose high-quality, purified salmon oil products that have been tested for these substances.
Imbalance of Fatty Acids: While omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial, an excess can lead to an imbalance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in a dog’s diet. This imbalance can potentially lead to health issues.
Gastrointestinal Issues: Some dogs may experience gastrointestinal upset, including diarrhoea or vomiting, when first introduced to salmon oil or if given in high doses.
Caloric Density: Salmon oil is high in calories, and excessive use can contribute to weight gain in dogs, especially if not balanced with physical activity.
Oxidation and Rancidity: Like many oils, salmon oil can oxidise and become rancid if not stored properly. Rancid oil can be harmful to dogs and should be avoided. It’s crucial to store salmon oil in a cool, dark place and use it within its freshness date.
Including salmon oil in your dog’s diet can offer numerous health benefits, particularly for their skin, coat, joint, and cognitive health. However, it is essential to be mindful of the quality of the product, the correct dosage, and the balance of fatty acids in your dog’s overall diet to avoid potential risks
It is important to note that the vast majority of oils contain Omega-3 that is ALA based. Dogs, like humans, do not convert ALA efficiently into the far more beneficial Omega-3 fatty acids, DHA, EPA and the less well known, DPA, which are by far the most beneficial of the Omega-3’s for dog (and human) health. (1)
Borage oil, sourced from the seeds of the borage plant (Borago officinalis), also known as Starflower, is increasingly recognised for its health benefits in canine diets. This oil is particularly rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a potent omega-6 fatty acid known for its strong anti-inflammatory properties.
Nutritional Composition: High in GLA, borage oil offers more of this fatty acid than most other seed oils, making it highly effective for reducing inflammation.
Skin and Coat Health: GLA helps maintain the skin’s barrier function, reducing dryness and promoting a healthier, more lustrous coat. It can also alleviate itchiness associated with skin conditions such as eczema or allergies.
Joint Health: Its anti-inflammatory properties are beneficial for dogs with joint issues, such as arthritis, helping to reduce joint pain and improve mobility.
Immune System Support: The fatty acids in borage oil can help regulate the immune system, potentially reducing the occurrence of autoimmune reactions and allergies.
Ahiflower Oil for Dogs
Ahiflower oil, derived from the seeds of the Buglossoides arvensis plant, is a novel but powerful plant-based oil that provides a unique and effective combination of fatty acids. It is especially notable for containing stearidonic acid (SDA), a plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid that is more efficiently converted to EPA in the body than ALA found in flaxseed. Although not as directly beneficial as consuming EPA or DHA directly, SDA provides greater benefit than consumption of ALA—converting into EPA in vivo with approximately 20–26% efficiency (1, 2, 3)
Nutritional Composition: Rich in SDA, ALA, and GLA, Ahiflower oil offers a comprehensive blend of fatty acids that support overall health more effectively than other plant oils. (3)
Skin and Coat Health: The presence of multiple fatty acids helps improve skin elasticity and hydration, reducing dryness and enhancing coat shine.
Joint Health: The anti-inflammatory effects of SDA and GLA make Ahiflower oil beneficial for dogs with joint pain or stiffness, promoting better mobility and comfort.
Heart and Immune System Health: The conversion efficiency of SDA to EPA supports cardiovascular health and aids in maintaining a robust immune system.
Evening Primrose Oil for Dogs
Evening primrose oil, extracted from the seeds of the Oenothera biennis plant, is valued for its high GLA content, similar to borage oil. This oil is well-known for its beneficial effects on skin health and its ability to manage inflammatory conditions.
Nutritional Composition: Rich in GLA, evening primrose oil enhances the overall health profile with its potent anti-inflammatory properties.
Skin and Coat Health: It promotes a smooth, healthy coat, alleviates dry skin, and helps manage eczema and other skin conditions.
Hormonal Balance: GLA from evening primrose oil can aid in regulating hormonal imbalances, which can improve conditions influenced by hormonal fluctuations such as allergies.
Immune and Nerve Health: Supports the immune system and may help improve nerve function and prevent nerve damage.
What are the Worst Oils for Dog Health?
While many oils can offer beneficial nutrients and support various aspects of a dog’s health, not all oils are suitable for inclusion in a dog’s diet. Some oils may be harmful due to their fat composition, the presence of harmful substances, or their impact on the delicate balance of nutrients a dog requires. Here, we will explore some oils that are considered less desirable or even detrimental to canine health and explain why they are not recommended.
Corn Oil for Dogs
Corn oil is high in omega-6 fatty acids, which, while essential, can cause an imbalance when not properly counteracted with omega-3 fatty acids. An excessive amount of omega-6 can lead to chronic inflammation, potentially exacerbating conditions like arthritis or other inflammatory diseases. Since many commercial dog foods already contain high levels of omega-6, adding corn oil can worsen this imbalance.
Soybean Oil for Dogs
Similar to corn oil, soybean oil is another common vegetable oil that is rich in omega-6 fatty acids. While soybean oil is affordable and widely available, its high omega-6 content can contribute to the same issues as corn oil, promoting inflammatory processes in dogs if not balanced with adequate omega-3s. Additionally, soybean oil is often processed using chemicals like hexane, which raises concerns about trace contaminants.
Palm Oil for Dogs
As noted earlier, palm oil not only poses significant environmental concerns but is also high in saturated fats. Dogs, much like humans, can suffer from the effects of excessive saturated fats, including an increased risk of heart disease and weight gain. The ethical and health implications make palm oil a less favourable choice for conscientious pet owners.
Cottonseed Oil for Dogs
Cottonseed oil is less commonly used in dog foods but is worth mentioning due to its potentially harmful aspects. It often contains natural toxins and may have high levels of pesticide residues because cotton is not typically grown as a food crop. Moreover, cottonseed oil has a high ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, which can exacerbate inflammatory conditions.
Partially Hydrogenated Oils for Dogs
Any oil that is partially hydrogenated undergoes a process that creates trans fats. Trans fats are particularly harmful to dogs’ cardiovascular health and can lead to increased cholesterol levels and heart disease. While the use of trans fats has been reduced in recent years due to these health concerns, they are still found in some processed foods and should be avoided in dog diets.
Generic Fish Oils for Dogs
While specific fish oils, like salmon oil, are beneficial due to their high DHA and EPA content, generic fish oils can be problematic if they are not sourced or processed carefully. Low-quality fish oils may contain harmful levels of pollutants like mercury or Polychlorinated Biphenyls( PCBs). Additionally, these oils can oxidise quickly, leading to rancidity. Consuming rancid oil can lead to significant health problems, including liver damage and inflammation.
Recommendations for Dog Owners
When choosing oils to include in your dog’s diet, it is crucial to consider the source, processing method, and balance of fatty acids. Opt for oils that provide a healthy balance of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids and are cold-pressed and unrefined whenever possible. Always consult with a veterinarian before introducing any new oils into your dog’s diet, especially if your pet has existing health conditions or dietary sensitivities. By carefully selecting oils and monitoring their effects, dog owners can significantly contribute to their pet’s overall health and well-being. The article Best Omega-3 Oils for Dogs provides further insight into the subject.
It is important to ensure that the Omega-6 to Omega-3 balance in your dog’s diet is kept to between 1:1 – 4:1 to deliver the best support for their overall health and wellbeing. A ratio higher than this can be pro-inflammatory and potentially harmful to their health.
Frequently Asked Questions About Oils for Dogs
Can I give my dog oils safely?
Yes, many oils are safe and beneficial for dogs when given in appropriate amounts. The best oils include algal oil, olive oil, rapeseed (canola) oil, flaxseed oil, and coconut oil, which provide essential fatty acids that support various aspects of your dog’s health including coat condition, joint health, and cognitive function.
What is the safest oil for dogs?
Algal oil is considered one of the safest options as it provides beneficial omega-3s without contamination risks associated with fish oils and has excellent sustainability credentials. Olive oil and rapeseed oil are also very safe choices for most dogs when used in moderation.
Should I give my dog olive oil or coconut oil?
Both have benefits – olive oil is excellent for cardiovascular health and skin condition with its monounsaturated fats and antioxidants, whilst coconut oil supports digestive health and cognitive function with its medium-chain fatty acids. You can use either, but olive oil is generally considered more heart-healthy for daily use.
Which oils should I avoid giving my dog?
Avoid corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, partially hydrogenated oils, and low-quality generic fish oils. These oils can cause inflammation due to poor omega-6 to omega-3 ratios, may contain harmful contaminants, or include trans fats that are detrimental to your dog’s cardiovascular health.
How much oil should I give my dog daily?
The amount depends on your dog’s size and the specific oil, but generally start with small amounts (1/4 teaspoon for small dogs, 1/2 teaspoon for medium dogs, 1 teaspoon for large dogs) and gradually increase whilst monitoring for any digestive upset. Always consult your veterinarian for personalised dosage recommendations based on your dog’s individual needs.
Can I give my dog coconut oil every day?
Yes, but in moderation due to its high saturated fat content. Daily amounts should be small (1/4 to 1 teaspoon depending on size) and balanced with other healthier oil options to maintain proper nutritional balance and prevent weight gain.
What’s the ideal omega-6 to omega-3 ratio for dogs?
The optimal omega-6 to omega-3 ratio should be between 1:1 and 4:1 for dogs. Ratios higher than 4:1 can be pro-inflammatory and potentially harmful to your dog’s health, which is why it’s important to choose oils that help maintain this balance.
Should you put oil on dog food?
Yes, adding oil directly to your dog’s food is the best method as it ensures proper absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and reduces the likelihood of digestive upset. Mix the oil thoroughly into your dog’s regular meal rather than giving it separately.
Can I mix coconut oil with dry dog food?
Absolutely – coconut oil mixes well with dry dog food and can help make it more palatable whilst providing health benefits. Warm the coconut oil slightly if it’s solid to make mixing easier, then allow it to cool before serving.
Can I cook with these oils for my dog’s food?
Some oils like rapeseed (canola), avocado, and grapeseed oil have high smoke points making them suitable for cooking. However, oils like flaxseed, chia seed, and walnut oil should never be heated as this destroys their beneficial properties and they’re best added to food after cooking.
What is the best oil to cook homemade dog food in?
Rapeseed (non-GMO canola) oil is excellent for cooking homemade dog food due to its high smoke point, heart-healthy monounsaturated fats, and good omega-3 content. Avocado oil is another excellent choice for cooking due to its stability at high temperatures.
How do I know if an oil is helping my dog?
Positive signs include improved coat shine and softness, reduced skin dryness or itching, better mobility in dogs with joint issues, and overall increased energy levels. These improvements typically become noticeable after 4-6 weeks of consistent supplementation.
What is the best oil for dogs that are itchy?
Oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids like algal oil or salmon oil are excellent for itchy skin, whilst oils containing GLA such as borage oil or evening primrose oil are particularly effective for inflammatory skin conditions and allergies due to their strong anti-inflammatory properties.
Can oils help with my dog’s skin allergies?
Yes, oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids and GLA (like borage oil or evening primrose oil) can help reduce inflammation and improve skin barrier function, potentially alleviating symptoms of allergies and dermatitis. The anti-inflammatory properties help reduce itching and promote healthier skin.
Can puppies have oils in their diet?
Yes, puppies can benefit from appropriate oils, particularly those rich in DHA like algal oil, which supports brain and eye development. However, start with very small amounts and consult your veterinarian, as puppies have different nutritional requirements than adult dogs.
Is salmon oil better than plant-based oils?
Salmon oil provides direct EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids, whilst plant-based oils mainly provide ALA which dogs convert to EPA and DHA less efficiently. However, high-quality salmon oil may contain contaminants, whilst algal oil provides the same beneficial DHA without environmental concerns or contamination risks.
Is fish oil or coconut oil better for dogs?
This depends on your dog’s specific needs – fish oil (particularly salmon oil) is superior for omega-3 content and anti-inflammatory benefits, whilst coconut oil excels for digestive health and cognitive support. Many dogs benefit from both, used for different purposes or alternated.
What oil is good for dogs joints?
Omega-3 rich oils like algal oil, salmon oil, and flaxseed oil are excellent for joint health due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Oils containing GLA such as borage oil are particularly effective for arthritis and joint mobility, often providing noticeable improvements within 6-8 weeks.
Can oils help with my dog’s joint arthritis?
Yes, omega-3 rich oils like algal oil, salmon oil, and flaxseed oil have anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce joint inflammation and pain associated with arthritis. Oils containing GLA, such as borage oil, are particularly effective for joint mobility and comfort.
What oil calms dogs down?
Oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids, particularly those containing DHA like algal oil, can support neurological health and may help with anxiety. Hemp seed oil, with its balanced omega fatty acid profile, is also noted for its potential anxiety-reducing properties in dogs. Lavender oil and chamomile oil also provide excellent calming properties for dogs.
How should I store oils for my dog?
Store oils in a cool, dark place, preferably in the refrigerator after opening. Keep them in dark glass bottles to prevent light damage, and always check expiration dates as rancid oil can be harmful to your dog’s health.
Can I give my dog multiple oils at once?
Yes, but it’s important to maintain the proper omega-6 to omega-3 balance and not exceed recommended total fat intake. Some commercial blends are specifically formulated to provide optimal ratios, or you can rotate different oils throughout the week rather than combining them daily.
What is the best oil supplement for dogs?
Algal oil is often considered the best single supplement due to its high DHA content, sustainability, and lack of contamination risks. However, the best choice depends on your dog’s specific needs – joint issues may benefit more from oils containing GLA, whilst general health maintenance might be best served by a balanced blend.
Will oils make my dog gain weight?
Oils are calorie-dense, so excessive amounts can contribute to weight gain. Account for the additional calories when calculating your dog’s daily food intake and adjust portion sizes accordingly, or increase exercise to compensate for the extra calories.
What is the disadvantage of coconut oil for dogs?
The main disadvantage is its high saturated fat content, which can contribute to weight gain and potentially affect cardiovascular health if used excessively. It should be used sparingly and balanced with other healthier oil options, and some dogs may experience digestive upset when first introduced.
Do vets recommend coconut oil for dogs?
Many veterinarians do recommend coconut oil for specific benefits like digestive health and cognitive support, but typically suggest using it in moderation due to its saturated fat content. Most vets prefer it as part of a balanced approach rather than as the sole oil supplement.
Can senior dogs benefit more from certain oils?
Senior dogs particularly benefit from oils rich in omega-3s like algal oil and salmon oil, which support cognitive function and may help slow mental decline. Coconut oil’s MCTs can also enhance cognitive development and support brain health in older dogs.
How long does it take to see results from oil supplementation?
Most dogs show improvements in coat condition within 4-6 weeks of consistent oil supplementation. Joint health improvements may take 6-8 weeks to become noticeable, whilst cognitive benefits in senior dogs may take several months of consistent supplementation to observe.
Can oils interact with my dog’s medications?
Some oils may affect the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins or interact with certain medications, particularly blood thinners. Always inform your veterinarian about any oil supplements you’re giving your dog, especially if they’re on medication or have health conditions.
What’s the difference between cold-pressed and regular oils?
Cold-pressed oils retain more nutrients and beneficial compounds as they’re extracted without heat, which can damage delicate fatty acids and antioxidants. They’re generally more expensive but provide superior nutritional value for your dog.
Are there any signs that my dog is getting too much oil?
Signs of excessive oil intake include loose stools, diarrhoea, vomiting, lethargy, and weight gain. If you notice these symptoms, reduce the amount of oil you’re giving and consult your veterinarian if symptoms persist.
Can I use human-grade oils for my dog?
Yes, high-quality human-grade oils are often suitable for dogs, but ensure they don’t contain additives, preservatives, or flavourings that could be harmful. Look for pure, cold-pressed oils without any additional ingredients specifically marketed for pets or food use.
Can I give human fish oil to my dog?
Yes, high-quality human fish oil can be suitable for dogs, but ensure it doesn’t contain added vitamins (particularly vitamin D), artificial flavours, or xylitol which can be toxic to dogs. Dog-specific formulations are often safer as they’re designed with canine nutritional needs in mind.
What should I look for when buying oils for my dog?
Choose cold-pressed, unrefined oils in dark glass bottles with clear expiration dates. Look for third-party testing certificates for purity, especially for fish oils, and avoid oils extracted using chemical solvents like hexane when possible.
Can oils help with my dog’s digestive health?
Yes, certain oils like coconut oil contain medium-chain fatty acids that can aid digestion and have antimicrobial properties that may help reduce harmful bacteria in the gut. However, introduce oils gradually to avoid digestive upset.
Can oils help improve my dog’s cognitive function?
Yes, oils rich in DHA like algal oil and salmon oil support brain health and cognitive function, particularly beneficial for puppies’ brain development and potentially slowing cognitive decline in senior dogs. Coconut oil’s MCTs may also provide cognitive benefits.
Do I have to rinse coconut oil off my dog?
If you’ve applied coconut oil topically to your dog’s skin or coat, you don’t necessarily need to rinse it off as it will absorb naturally. However, if applied heavily or if your dog seems uncomfortable, a gentle rinse with warm water can help remove excess oil.
Are organic oils worth the extra cost for dogs?
Organic oils may have fewer pesticide residues and are often of higher quality, but the most important factors are the oil’s purity, processing method, and fatty acid profile. A high-quality conventional oil may be better than a poor-quality organic one.
Can oils replace omega-3 supplements for dogs?
High-quality oils rich in omega-3s can effectively supplement your dog’s diet, but they may not provide the concentrated doses found in specialised supplements. The choice depends on your dog’s specific needs and your veterinarian’s recommendations.
What happens if my dog accidentally consumes too much oil?
If your dog consumes a large amount of oil, they may experience digestive upset including diarrhoea, vomiting, or stomach discomfort. Provide plenty of fresh water, withhold food for 12-24 hours if vomiting occurs, and contact your veterinarian if symptoms are severe or persist.
The blend of oils in Bonza vegan dog food has been carefully selected to provide the most effective support for the following areas of health vital for your dog’s wellbeing:
About Glendon Lloyd Dip.Canine.Nutrition Dip.Dog.Nutrigenomics
I have had dogs from the day I was born. Much to my Mum's amusement, my Dad bought home Zetta, a beautiful corgi pupp , as his contribution to our new family!
Fast forward to 2018 and Catherine, my wife, and one of our dogs Poppy, were both diagnosed and treated for cancer within months of each other
Diet and its impact on health, cancer particularly, led me down a rabbit hole of discovery.
I consumed information voraciously - on our diets, our dogs' diets and the impact these have not just on health but also the health of our increasingly fragile planet.
I was humbled by the time and expertise given so freely by doctors and vets, canine nutritionists and scientists, academics and agronomists. The more I learned the more I understood there had to be a better way to improve not just our health but also our dogs and the planet's.
The result of my trip down that rabbit hole is Bonza, a plant-based dog food (and now supplements) that elevate our dogs' diet beyond simple nutrition to a diet that inspires a healthier everyday life for our dogs and the planet.
I am continually researching the nutritional impact our dogs' diets have on their health and wellbeing and the ingredients and nutrients we should include in, and exclude from, their food to deliver longer, healthier lives.
I am delighted that my trip down the rabbit hole has led to me completing a Diploma in Canine Nutrigenomics and a Diploma in Canine Nutrition being awarded a Distinction for both my coursework and theses!
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